The Shaping of Middle-Earth Read online

  1 J. R. R. Tolkien: the master

  storyteller who shaped the most

  compelling fantasy of all time...

  THE HOBBIT.

  The Lord of the Rings.

  THE FELLOWSHIP OF

  THE RING

  THE TWO TOWERS.

  THE RETURN OF

  THE KING.

  THE SONG OF TUOR.

  "Then the magic drifted from me and that music loosed its bands -

  Far, far-off, conches calling - lo! I stood in the sweet lands,

  And the meadows were about me where the weeping willows grew,

  Where the long grass stirred beside me, and my feet were drenched with dew.

  Only the reeds were rustling, but a mist lay on the streams.

  Like a sea-roke drawn far inland, like a shred of salt sea-dreams.

  "Twas in the Land of Willows that I heard th'unfathomed breath

  Of the Horns of Ylmir calling - and shall hear them till my death."

  By J. R. R. Tolkien.

  Published by Ballantine Books:

  THE HOBB1T.

  THE LORD OF THE RINGS.

  The Fellowship of the Ring.

  The Two Towers.

  The Return of the King.

  THE SILMARILLION.

  UNFINISHED TALES.

  THE TOLKIEN READER.

  SIR GAWAIN & THE GREEN KNIGHT.

  SMITH OF WOOTTON MAJOR & FARMER GILES OF HAM.

  THE HISTORIES OF MIDDLE-EARTH.

  The Book of Lost Tales 1.

  The Book of Lost Tales 2.

  The Lays of Belariand.

  The Shaping of Middle-earth.

  By Humphrey carpenter:

  TOLKIEN: The Authorized Biography.

  By Paul H. Kocher:

  MASTER OF MIDDLE-EARTH:

  The Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien.

  By Robert Foster:

  THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO MIDDLE-EARTH:

  From The Hobbit to The Silmarillion.

  2

  Books published by The Ballantine Publishing Group are available at quantity discounts on bulk purchases for premium, educational, fund-raising, and special sales use. For details, please call 1-800-733-3000.

  THE

  SHAPING OF

  MIDDLE-

  EARTH.

  The Quenta, The Ambarkanta,

  and The Annals.

  J. R. R. Tolkien.

  A Del Rey(R) Book.

  BALLANTINE BOOKS þ NEW YORK.

  Sale of this book without a front cover may be unauthorized. If this book is coverless, it may have been reported to the publish-er as "unsold or destroyed" and neither the author nor the publisher may have received payment for it.

  A Del Rey Book.

  Published by Ballantine Books.

  Copyright (C) 1986 by Frank Richard Williamson and Christopher Reuel Tolkien as Executors of the Estate of J. R. R. Tolkien.

  All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Ballantine Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York.

  Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 86-10338.

  ISBN 0-345-40043-7.

  First published by Houghton Mifflin Company.

  Reprinted by special arrangement with Houghton Mifflin Company.

  Manufactured in the United States of America.

  First Ballantine Books Edition: December 1995.

  10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.

  CONTENTS.

  Preface. Vll.

  I.PROSE FRAGMENTS FOLLOWING THE 1.

  LOST TALES.

  II.THE EARLIEST 'SILMARILLION'. 11.

  Commentary. 47.

  III.THE QUENTA. 92.

  Commentary. 199.

  Appendix 1: AElfwine's translation of the Quenta into Old English; Old English equivalents of Elvish names. 251.

  Appendix 2: The Horns of Ylmir. 262.

  IV.THE FIRST 'SILMARILLION' MAP. 269.

  3

  V.THE AMBARKANTA. 288.

  Commentary. 296.

  VI.THE EARLIEST ANNALS OF VALINOR.310.

  Commentary. 325.

  Appendix: AElfwine's translations of the Annals

  of Valinor into Old English. 334.

  V.

  VII.THE EARLIEST ANNALS OF BELERIAND.351.

  Commentary. 375.

  Second version of the earliest Annals. 393.

  Commentary. 400.

  Appendix: AElfwine's translation of the Annals of Beleriand into Old English. 406.

  Index. 412.

  This book brings the 'History of Middle-earth' to some time in the 1930s: the cosmographical work Ambarkanta and the earliest Annals of Valinor and Annals of Beleriand, while later than the Quenta Noldorinwa - the 'Silmarillion' version that was written, as I believe, in 1930 - cannot themselves be more precisely dated.

  This is the stage at which my father had arrived when The Hobbit was written. Comparison of the Quenta with the published Silmarillion will show that the essential character of the work was now fully in being; in the shape and fall of sentences, even of whole passages, the one is constantly echoed in the other; and yet the published Silmarillion is between three and four times as long.

  After the hasty 'Sketch of the Mythology' (chapter II in this book), the Quenta Noldorinwa was in fact the only complete version of 'The Silmarillion' that my father ever made. Towards the end of 1937 he interrupted work on a new version, Quenta Silmarillion, which extended to part way through the story of Turin Turambar, and began The Lord of the Rings (see The Lays of Beleriand pp. 364 - 7). When after many years he returned to the First Age, the vast extension of the world that had now come into being meant that the Quenta Silmarillion, which had been stopped in full flight, could not be taken up from where it fell; and though he undertook exceedingly complex revisions and enlargements of the earlier parts during the following years, he never achieved again a complete and coherent structure. Especially in its concluding chapters the Quenta Noldorinwa is thus one of the primary elements in the study of the work as a whole.

  In the Annals of Valinor and the Annals of Beleriand am seen the beginnings of the chronological structure which was to become a central preoccupation. The Annals would develop into a separate 'tradition', parallel to and overlapping but distinct from 'The Silmarillion' proper, and (after intervening versions) emerging in the years following the completion of The Lord of the Rings in two chief works of the Matter of Middle-earth, the Annals of Aman and the Grey Annals of Beleriand (see pp. 310, 351). With the Quenta and with these earliest versions of the Annals I give the brief texts in Anglo-Saxon feigned to have been made by AElfwine (Eriol) from the works that he studied in Tol Eressea, the Lonely Isle.

  The commentaries are largely concerned to relate geography, names, events, relationships and motives to what preceded and what followed; inevitably this entails a great deal of reference back to the previous books, and the text of the commentaries 4

  is hardly enticing (though being in smaller print they can be readily distinguished from the original works). My object is to try to show, and not merely impressionistically, how Middle-earth and its history was built up gradually and delicately, and how a long series of small shifts or combinations would often lead to the emergence of new and unforeseen structures - as far example in the story of Gwindor of Nargothrond (p. 217).

  The arrangement of the texts of the 'Sketch of the Mythology' and the Quenta, split into numbered sections comparable from one text to the other, is explained on p. 11. The earlier volumes in the series are referred to as I (The Book of Lost Tales Part I), II (The Book of Lost Tales Part II), and III (The Lays of Beleriand).*

  The maps and diagrams in the book are repro
duced with the permission of the Bodleian Library, Oxford, and I thank the staff of the Department of Western Manuscripts at the Bodleian for their assistance.

  The fifth volume will contain my father's unfinished 'time-travel' story, The Lost Road, together with the earliest forms of the legend of Numenor, which were closely related to it; the Lhammas or Account of Tongues, Etymologies; and all the writings concerned with the First Age up to the time when The Lord of the Rings was begun.

  (* Note that all page numbers refer to the hardcover Houghton Mifflin editions.) I.

  PROSE FRAGMENTS

  FOLLOWING THE LOST TALES.

  Before giving the 'Sketch of the Mythology', the earliest form of the prose 'Silmarillion', there are some brief prose texts that can be conveniently collected here.

  (i).

  Among loose papers there is an early piece, soon abandoned, entitled Turlin and the Exiles of Gondolin. It will be seen that it relates closely to the beginning of the tale of The Fall of Gondolin (II. 149) but at the same time contains much that is new. That it was the beginning of a later version of the tale is clear at once from the name Mithrim, for this only replaced Asgon by emendation in the final text of The Fall of Gondolin (II. 202). This brief text reads as follows. At the first three occurrences of the name Turlin in the narrative (but not in the title) it was emended to Turgon; at the fourth and fifth Turgon was so written from the first. I give Turgon throughout.

  'Then' said Ilfiniol son of Bronweg 'know that Ulmo Lord of Waters forgot never the sorrows of the Elfin kindreds beneath the power of Melko, but he might do little because of the anger of the other Gods who shut their hearts against the race of the Gnomes, and dwelt behind the veiled hills of Valinor heedless of the Outer World, so deep was their ruth and regret for the death of the Two Trees.

  Nor did any save Ulmo only dread the power of Melko that wrought ruin and sorrow over all the Earth; but Ulmo desired that Valinor should gather all its might to quench his evil ere it be too late, and him seemed that both purposes might perchance be achieved if messengers from the Gnomes should win to Valinor and plead for pardon and for pity upon the Earth; for the love of Palurien and Orome her son for those wide realms did but slumber still. Yet hard and evil was the road from the Outer Earth to Valinor, and 5

  the Gods themselves had meshed the ways with magic and veiled the encircling hills. Thus did Ulmo seek unceasingly to stir the Gnomes to send messengers unto Valinor, but Melko was cunning and very deep in wisdom, and unsleeping was his wariness in all things that touched the Elfin kindreds, and their messengers overcame not the perils and temptations of that longest and most evil of all roads, and many that dared to set forth were lost for ever.

  Now tells the tale how Ulmo despaired that any of the Elfin race should surpass the dangers of the way, and of the deepest and the latest design that he then fashioned, and of those things which came of it.

  In those days the greater part of the kindreds of Men dwelt after the Battle of Unnumbered Tears in that land of the North that has many names, but which the Elves of Kor have named Hisilome which is the Twilit Mist, and the Gnomes, who of the Elf-kin know it best, Dor-Lomin the Land of Shadows. A people mighty in numbers were there, dwelling about the wide pale waters of Mithrim the great lake that lies in those regions, and other folk named them Tunglin or folk of the Harp, for their joy was in the wild music and minstrelsy of the fells and woodlands, but they knew not and sang not of the sea. Now this folk came into those places after the dread battle, being too late summoned thither from afar, and they bore no stain of treachery against the Elfin kin; but indeed many among them clung to such friendship with the hidden Gnomes of the mountains and Dark Elves as might be still for the sorrow and mistrust born of those ruinous deeds in the Vale of Niniach.

  Turgon was a man of that folk, son of Peleg, son of Indor, son of [Ear >] Fengel who was their chief and hearing the summons had marched out of the deeps of the East with all his folk. But Turgon dwelt not much with his kindred, and loved rather solitude and the friendship of the Elves whose tongues he knew, and he wandered alone about the long shores of Mithrim, now hunting in its woods, now making sudden music in the rocks upon his rugged harp of wood strung with the sinews of bears. But he sang not for the ears of Men, and many hearing the power of his rough songs came from afar to hearken to his harping; [?but]

  Turgon left his singing and departed to lonely places in the mountains.

  Many strange things he learned there, broken tidings of far off things, and longing came upon him for deeper lore, but as yet his heart turned not from the long shores, and the pale waters of Mithrim in the mists. Yet was he not fated to dwell for ever in those places, for 'tis said that magic and destiny led him on a day to a cavernous opening in the rocks down which a hidden river flowed from Mithrim.

  And Turgon entered that cavern seeking to learn its secret, but having entered the waters of Mithrim drave him forward into the heart of the rock and he might not win back into the light. This men have said was not without the will of Ulmo, at whose prompting may be the Gnomes had fashioned that deep and hidden way. Then came the Gnomes to Turgon and guided him along the dark passages amid the mountains until he came out once more into the light.

  The text ends here (though manuscript pages written at the same time continue on another subject, see (ii) below).

  Turlin must have been a passing shift from Tuor (cf. the form Tur that appears in texts of The Fall of Gondolin, II. 148), and Turgon likewise; in the Tale Turgon is of course the name of the King of Gondolin. This curious passing transference of a primary name in the legends may be compared with the brief substitution of Celegorm for Thingol and Maglor for Beren in the Lay of Leithian (III. 159).

  6

  Particularly interesting is the account here of the origins of Tuor's people: they came out of the East to the Battle of Unnumbered Tears, but they came too late. This can hardly be wholly unconnected with the coming of the Easterlings before the battle in the later story. The genealogy of Tuor (Turlin, Turgon) is here 'son of Peleg son of Indor son of Fengel'. In The Fall of Gondolin he is 'son of Peleg son of Indor'

  (II. 160); in the fragment of the Lay of the Fall of Gondolin he is the son of Fengel, and in associated notes Tuor is himself called Fengel (III. 145). His people are here the Tunglin, the folk of the Harp, whereas in The Fall of Gondolin (ibid.) he belongs to 'the house of the Swan of the sons of the Men of the North'.

  Also noteworthy is the opening of the present text where Ulmo's desires and devisings ate described: his unceasing attempts to persuade the Gnomes to send messengers to Valinor, his isolation from the other Valar, his wish that the power of Valinor should go against Melko in time. There does not appear to Le any other mention of Ulmo's attempting to arouse the Gnomes to send messages to Valinor; and though his isolation in his pity for the Gnomes in the Great Lands appears strongly at the beginning of the tale of The Hiding of Valinor g. 209), there Manwe and Varda beside Ulmo were opposed to the withdrawal of Valinor from the fate of 'the world'.

  Lastly, 'the Vale of Niniach' must be the site of the Battle of Unnumbered Tears; cf. 'the Vale (Valley) of Weeping Waters' in the outlines for Gilfanon's Tale (I.230-40). Niniach never occurs again in this application, though the way by which Tuor went down to the sea came to be called Cirith Ninniach, the Rainbow Cleft.

  (ii).

  The manuscript Turlin and the Exiles of Gondolin continues (the paper and the handwriting are identical, and all were placed together) with a further text of great interest, since it represents the first step towards the later story of the coming of the Noldor to Middle-earth since the outlines for Gilfanon's Tale g. 237 ff.). This was hastily pencilled and is in places difficult to make out.

  Then Gelmir king of the Gnomes marshalled his unhappy folk and he said to them: 'We am come at last to the Great Lands and have set our feet upon the Earth, and not even Elf-wisdom may yet say what shall come of it; but the torment and the pain and the tears that we have borne in the
way hither shall be sung in song and told in tale by all the folk of the Elfin race hereafter; yea and even among other children of Ior shall some remember it.'

  Long time did the Gnome-folk dwell nigh those westward shores in the northern regions of the Earth; and their anguish was lessened. Some were there that fared far afield and gained knowledge of the lands about, and they sought ever to know whither Melko had fled, or where was hidden the gems and treasury of Valinor. [Struck out: Then did Gelmir marshal his hosts and three great armies had he, and Golfin his son was captain of the one, and Delin his son of a second, [Oleg >] Luthien his son of the third, but Gelmir was lord and king.] Thereafter did all the folk move onward to the East and somewhat South, and all the armies of Golfin and of Delin moved ahead unhampered. Now the ice melted, and the snow [?thinned], and the trees grew deep upon the hills, and their hearts knew comfort, till their harps and elfin pipes awoke once more. Then did the rocks ring with the sweet music of the Elves, and countless

  [?coming] of their many feet; new flowers sprang behind 7

  those armies as they trod, for the earth was glad of the coming of the Gnomes, nor had the sun or the white moon yet seen fairer things in those places than their moving field of glinting spears and their goldwrought elfin armoury. But the women and the Gnome-maids and Gnome-children sang as they journeyed after, and no such clear song of hope have the lands heard since, yet was it sad and boding beside that singing that was heard upon [Kor >